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The potential of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) to maintain postharvest storage of sweet potato was studied. In two separate experiments, the orange-fleshed sweet potato cv. Covington was treated with 1-MCP (1.0 µL L⁻¹, 24 h) and roots stored at 15 °C. During storage, samples were evaluated for the respiration rate, sprout growth, weight loss, incidence of decay and changes in dry matter. The roots were further assayed for the temporal changes in individual non-structural carbohydrates and phenolic compounds in the skin and flesh tissues of the proximal (stem end), middle and distal (root end) regions.

RESULTS

1-MCP treatment reduced root weight loss and decay but respiration rate and non-structural carbohydrates were not affected. No sprouting was recorded irrespective of the treatment. 1-MCP transiently suppressed the accumulation of individual phenolic compounds, especially in the middle and distal segments. This accentuated the proximal dominance of phenolic compounds. Isochlorogenic acid A and chlorogenic acid were the dominant phenolics in the skin and flesh tissues, respectively.

CONCLUSION

1-MCP treatment may have an anti-decay effect and reduce weight loss. Therefore, storage trials that involve the use of continuous ethylene supplementation to inhibit sprout growth may be combined with 1-MCP to alleviate ethylene-induced weight loss and decay in sweet potato. 

By Robert S Amoah, Leon A Terry…

In order to avoid the ripening blocking effect of 1-MCP (1-methylcyclopropene) on bananas when applied before ethylene commercial treatment, 1-MCP in combination with ‘CD ethylene’ (ethylene–cyclodextrin complex) was used in gas formulations: 300 nmol mol⁻¹ 1-MCP + 1200, 2400 or 4800 nmol mol⁻¹ ethylene (ETH). Control bananas received 1-MCP alone or 4800 nmol mol⁻¹ ethylene alone or no treatment. Treatments were done on overseas shipped bananas, at 14 °C, 90% relative humidity (RH), for 16 h; the bananas were stored under the same atmospheric conditions. After 4 or 12 days the bananas were commercially treated with 500 µmol mol⁻¹ ethylene.

RESULTS

A 300 nmol mol⁻¹ 1-MCP treatment significantly blocked banana ripening in terms of physiological and technological parameters, inhibiting ethylene production and respiration, despite the commercial ethylene treatment. The application of 300 nmol mol⁻¹ 1-MCP + 1200 or 2400 nmol mol⁻¹ ethylene delayed ripening but with a regular pattern. A 300 nmol mol⁻¹ 1-MCP + 4800 nmol mol⁻¹ ethylene application did not delay ripening as did 4800 nmol mol⁻¹ ethylene treatment. The development of black spots was closely associated with advanced ripening/senescence of fruits.

CONCLUSION

The combined 300 nmol mol⁻¹ 1-MCP + 1200 or 2400 nmol mol⁻¹ ethylene treatment appears to be a promising treatment to extend banana storage, following overseas shipping. 

by Rinaldo Botondi, Federica De Sanctis, Serena Bartoloni, Fabio Mencarelli

FRESH-KING 1-MCP is used commercially to maintain the freshness of ornamental plants and flowers and preventing the ripening of fruits. FRESH-KING is used in enclosed sites, such as coolers, truck trailers, greenhouses, storage facilities, and shipping containers.

Promote chlorophyll production: alanine, arginine, glutamic acid, glycine, lysine
Promote the formation of endogenous hormones in plants: arginine, methionine, tryptophan Promote root development: arginine, leucine
Promote seed germination and seedling growth: aspartic acid, valine
Promote flowering and fruiting: arginine, glutamic acid, lysine, methionine, proline
Improve fruit flavor: histidine, leucine, isoleucine, valine
Plant pigment synthesis: phenylalanine, tyrosine
Reduce heavy metal absorption: aspartic acid, cysteine
Enhance plant drought resistance: lysine, proline
Improve plant cell antioxidant capacity: aspartic acid, cysteine, glycine, proline
Improve plant stress resistance: arginine, valine, cysteine

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Amino Acids

Alanine: Increases chlorophyll synthesis, regulates stomatal opening, and has a protective effect against pathogens.
Arginine: Enhances root development, is a precursor for the synthesis of plant endogenous hormone polyamines, and improves the ability of crops to resist salt stress.
Aspartic acid: Improves seed germination, protein synthesis, and provides nitrogen for growth during stress periods.
Cysteine: Contains sulfur that maintains cell function and acts as an antioxidant.
Glutamic acid: Reduces nitrate content in crops; improves seed germination, promotes leaf photosynthesis, and increases chlorophyll biosynthesis.
Glycine: Has a unique effect on crop photosynthesis, is beneficial to crop growth, increases crop sugar content, and is a natural metal chelator.
Histidine: Regulates stomatal opening, and provides precursors for carbon skeleton hormones, catalytic enzymes for cytokinin synthesis.
Isoleucine and leucine: Improve resistance to salt stress, improve pollen vitality and germination, and are precursors of aromatic flavors.
Lysine: Enhances chlorophyll synthesis and increases drought tolerance. Methionine: Precursor for the synthesis of plant endogenous hormones ethylene and polyamines.
Phenylalanine: Promotes the synthesis of lignin and is a precursor for the synthesis of anthocyanins.
Proline: Increases plant tolerance to osmotic stress, improves plant stress resistance and pollen vitality.
Serine: Participates in cell tissue differentiation and promotes germination.
Threonine: Improves tolerance and insect pest damage, and improves the humification process.
Tryptophan: Precursor for the synthesis of the endogenous hormone auxin indoleacetic acid, improves the synthesis of aromatic compounds.
Tyrosine: Increases drought tolerance and improves pollen germination.
Valine: Increases seed germination rate and improves crop flavor.

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Amino acids

Amino acids are an important component of plant growth, development and metabolism. As the basic building block of protein, Amino acids have multiple physiological functions in plants.

Amino acids not only participate in the construction of protein structure in plants, but also participate in regulating the growth and development of plants. For example, some Amino acids can serve as precursors for the synthesis of plant hormones, affecting the growth pattern and flowering time of plants.

In addition,Amino acids can also affect the absorption and utilization of water and nutrients by regulating the opening and closing of stomata. In the face of adverse stress, such as drought, salinity, and low temperature, the amino acid levels in plants will change, and these changes help plants better cope with adversity. For example, under drought conditions, some amino acids can act as osmotic regulators to help plants maintain water balance in cells. Under salt stress, Amino acids can regulate the expression of ion channels and transporters to reduce the amount of salt entering cells. Under low temperature conditions, Amino acids can act as protective enzymes to help protect cell structures from freezing damage.

Different Amino acids play their own unique roles in plants, but there are also synergistic effects between them. For example, some amino acids can promote the synthesis of chlorophyll, thereby improving the photosynthesis efficiency of plants. Other Amino acids are involved in regulating the endogenous hormone levels of plants, affecting the growth and development of plants.

In addition, the interaction between Amino acids can also improve the absorption and utilization efficiency of nutrients by plants, thereby improving the yield and quality of crops. Amino acids fertilizers are widely used in modern agricultural production due to their unique physiological activity.

Amino acids fertilizers can not only promote the growth and development of crops and increase yields, but also improve the quality of crops and enhance the stress resistance of crops.

In practical applications, the use of Amino acids fertilizers can effectively alleviate the adverse effects of stress on crops and improve the survival rate and productivity of crops.

Propyl dihydrojasmonate (PDJ)  is a synthetic plant growth regulator, which is similar in structure to jasmonic acid (JA), a natural plant regulator commonly found in vascular plants, and has the same function and similar mode of action, and is low in environmental toxicity.

Propyl dihydrojasmonate (PDJ)  can increase the clusters, single-grain weight and soluble solids content of Fujiminori grapes, and promote fruit coloring.

Propyl dihydrojasmonate (PDJ)  is used to improve apple color, and improve the cold, drought and virus resistance of wheat, corn and rice.

Compared with abscisic acid and ethephon, Propyl dihydrojasmonate (PDJ)  will not cause leaf fall and fruit loss, and can promote the healthy maturity of grapes, cherries, apples, etc. in advance, perfect coloring, and effectively improve fruit quality. After Propyl dihydrojasmonate (PDJ)  treatment, the anthocyanin content of the fruit increased significantly, promoting coloring and early fruit maturation. The soluble solid content reached the highest value, the acid content reached the lowest value, the sugar-acid ratio was the largest, the anthocyanin content reached the highest value, and the coloring period was advanced by 6 days.

Propyl dihydrojasmonate (PDJ)  also has other physiological effects, mainly including participating in plant stress resistance as an endogenous signal molecule (mediating plant defense against pathogens, insects and abiotic stresses, etc.), regulating plant growth and development (inducing seed germination, plant flowering, fruit ripening, etc.), and has application functions similar to abscisic acid.

Propyl dihydrojasmonate (PDJ) is a synthetic jasmonic acid derivative with high biological activity.

Propyl dihydrojasmonate (PDJ) can be used as a plant growth regulator to induce crop stress resistance, increase yield and improve quality.

However, compared with JA, Propyl dihydrojasmonate (PDJ) has the characteristics of good chemical stability, low volatility and longer duration of physiological effects.

At low concentrations, Propyl dihydrojasmonate (PDJ) has a stronger promoting effect on plants than JA and is considered to be a jasmonic acid compound with more practical value.

Picolinafen: A pyridine amide structure compound, it was first developed by BASF SE (BASF) as a pyridine amide chemical structure herbicide. Diflufenican has the advantages of low toxicity, high herbicidal performance, long action time, and wide weed control spectrum. In addition to being able to effectively control broad-leaved weeds such as Veronica, Glechoma longituba, Artemisia selengensis, and Shepherd’s purse, it also has good inhibition and control effects on weeds such as Lala vine, wild violet, and Alopecurus foetida. The activity of Picolinafen is higher than that of ordinary diflufenican, and the effect is guaranteed.

Diflufenican: A substituted pyridinylanilide herbicide, it has both soil treatment activity and stem and leaf treatment activity, and can control most types of broad-leaved weeds such as Glechoma longituba, Chickweed, Chickweed, Veronica, Herba Artemisia selengensis, Artemisia selengensis, Shepherd’s purse, Geranium, and Vetch. Diflufenican can be used for soil sealing treatment after wheat is sown and before seedlings emerge, or can be applied for stem and leaf treatment from the 2.5-leaf stage to the end of tillering of wheat seedlings. If the weed plants are too large or the dosage is low, weed control is often incomplete, especially for broad-leaved weeds, which have a more serious regreening phenomenon.

Picoxystrobin is a mitochondrial respiration inhibitor, that is, it inhibits mitochondrial respiration by electron transfer between cytochrome b and C1. It is effective against strains resistant to C-14 demethylase inhibitors, benzamides, dicarboxamides, and benzimidazoles.

Picoxystrobin has systemic and fumigant activity. Once absorbed by the leaves, it moves in the xylem and flows in the transport system with the plant fluid. It flows in the gas phase on the surface of the leaves and can be directly absorbed by the leaves in the gas phase and enter the xylem. Due to its systemic and fumigant activity, the active ingredients can be effectively redistributed and fully delivered after application, and it has better therapeutic activity than azoxystrobin or trifloxystrobin.

Picoxystrobin is a broad-spectrum fungicide, mainly used for the prevention and control of related diseases on wheat and barley, mainly for the prevention and control of foliar diseases of wheat such as leaf blight, leaf rust, glumemane blight, brown spot, powdery mildew, etc. Compared with the existing Strobilurin fungicides, it has a stronger therapeutic effect on wheat leaf blight, net spot and moire.