Author: Master

Paecilomyces lilacinus is currently a biological control product that mainly acts on nematodes. It is an endoparasitic fungus and is an important natural enemy of some plant parasitic nematodes.

It can parasitize eggs and infect larvae and females , can significantly reduce the damage of root-knot nematodes, cyst nematodes, stem nematodes and other plant nematode diseases of various crops, and the parasitic rate of eggs of root-knot nematode incognita is as high as 60%-70%.

The control targets of Paecilomyces lilacinus are mainly root-knot nematodes and cyst nematodes on eggplant, ginger, cucumber, watermelon, soybean, tomato, tobacco and other crops.

The biological control of plant pathogenic nematodes by Paecilomyces lilacinus is a research hotspot at present.

It has been found that the organisms that can prevent nematode diseases include fungi that prey on nematodes, nematodes, planarians, nematodes, insects, mites, etc.; parasitic nematode viruses, native Animals, bacteria, etc., can also use plant extracts, and its control effect is also better.

The rich metabolites produced by the metabolism of P. lilacinus can not only help plants resist harmful organisms, but also directly serve as nutrients for crops to promote crop growth. The active substances produced in it are similar to plant auxins, which can promote growth under low concentration conditions. Crop growth, and many enzymes such as glucanase and silk protease can promote seed germination and seedling growth.

In addition to controlling nematodes, Paecilomyces lilacinus can also secrete endogenous hormones such as indole acetic acid, which has a good effect on promoting the growth of crop roots.

Nematode disease has the characteristics of strong concealment, difficult diagnosis, and few control agents, and has become one of the important threats to global agricultural production.

The methods of preventing and controlling plant parasitic nematodes mainly include cultivating new disease-resistant varieties, soil disinfection before planting, crop rotation, changing planting time, and fallow.

Among many strategies, the application of nematicides is one of the effective methods to control plant parasitic nematodes.

However, the frequent damage of plant parasitic nematodes in the world, long-term repeated use of nematicides has increased the risk of nematode resistance, and at the same time promoted the market value of nematicides to increase year by year. Nematicides also face the problems of few types and heavy regulatory pressure. Traditional nematicides will be increasingly restricted in the future due to their adverse effects on the environment and human health.

Therefore, the development of new efficient and low-risk nematicides is a huge challenge for the current integrated nematode control.

Plant-parasitic nematodes are important pathogenic nematodes that seriously threaten the sustainable development of agriculture and cause huge economic losses to global agriculture every year.

The Society of Nematologists estimates that plant-parasitic nematodes are responsible for $100 billion in crop yield losses worldwide each year.

In the U.S. alone, more than $5 billion is lost each year in crop yields including soybeans, cotton, sugar beets, tomatoes, and other fruits and vegetables.

In Brazil, nematode-induced economic losses in crops (soybean, cotton, sugar cane and coffee) can average up to US$ 200 per hectare.

cis ‐Jasmone is a plant volatile known to have roles as an insect semiochemical and in inducing plant defence.

It was evaluated in laboratory and field trials for control of cereal aphids. In an olfactometer bioassay cis ‐jasmone was repellent to alatae of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Aphididae).

Moreover, wheat, Triticum aestivum (L), seedlings sprayed with formulated cis ‐jasmone 24 h previously were less susceptible to attack by S avenae than control plants. In field simulator studies, significantly fewer alate S avenae settled on cis ‐jasmone‐treated plants over a 24‐h period.

In addition, the intrinsic rate of population increase, r m , of S avenae apterae was reduced on cis ‐jasmone treated seedlings.

In a series of small‐plot experiments conducted over four years, cis ‐jasmone applications reduced cereal aphid populations infesting wheat in the field. 

by Bruce, Toby JA，Martin, Janet L，Pickett, John A，Pye, Barry J，Smart, Lesley E，Wadhams, Lester J

Cis-jasmone is a natural oil extracted from plants. It is released by many flowers including jasmine, citrus, mint, raspberry, cinnamon and green tea.

Jasmone exists in two different isomeric forms around the pentenyl double bond, cis-jasmone [(Z)-jasmone] and trans-jasmone [(E)-jasmone]. The natural extract contains only the cis form, while the synthetic jasmone is a mixture of the two, with the cis form predominant. These two forms have similar physiochemical properties.

For various insects, cis-jasmone is both an attractant and a repellent, and thus can be used as a nematicide to control plant-parasitic nematodes. Cis-jasmone also activates nematode and insect resistance genes in various field crops and vegetables, inducing plant defense systems.

cis-Jasmone is a plant volatile known to have roles as an insect semiochemical and in inducing plant defence. It was evaluated in laboratory and field trials for control of cereal aphids.

In an olfactometer bioassay cis-jasmone was repellent to alatae of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Moreover, wheat, Triticum aestivum (L), seedlings sprayed with formulated cis-jasmone 24 h previously were less susceptible to attack by S avenae than control plants.

In field simulator studies, significantly fewer alate S avenae settled on cis-jasmone-treated plants over a 24-h period. In addition, the intrinsic rate of population increase, rm, of S avenae apterae was reduced on cis-jasmone treated seedlings. In a series of small-plot experiments conducted over four years, cis-jasmone applications reduced cereal aphid populations infesting wheat in the field.

cis-Jasmone treatment induces resistance in wheat plants against the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
By Toby JA Bruce, Janet L Martin, John A Pickett, Barry J Pye, Lesley E Smart, Lester J Wadhams

“Trichoderma” is the Latin name for a genus of fungi that are present in all types of soils. A recent Soil Science Society of America’s (SSSA) Soils Matter blog explores these fascinating fungi and how scientists have found that applying captured Trichoderma on farm fields can help crops.

According to soil scientist and blogger Lovepreet Singh, Trichoderma is present naturally in the soil and it has been isolated by scientists in the lab. It is a filamentous fungus, and it belongs to group Deuteromycetes which means it reproduces by producing spores.

By Soil Science Society of America

Benefits offered by Trichoderma
Several strains of Trichoderma produce various “secondary metabolites.” Compounds like epipolythiodioxopiperazines, peptaibols, pyrones, and pyridones help in plant development and promotes plant growth. When the fungus colonizes the plant roots, the plant develops more robust roots. Trichoderma has effects on physical attributes of the plants, and effects how it grows and metabolizes nutrients – its physiology. This can lead to better yield and quality of the produce.

Seed treatment with Trichoderma leads to better germination of plants and more and healthier plants in the field.

The most important benefit from the fungus is its ability to fight diseases caused by other microbes. Trichoderma shows antagonistic interactions with other pathogens by various mode of actions, and it saves plant from dying.

One way Trichoderma fights is by attacking the other fungus. It is known to coil around the other fungus and penetrate cells of other fungus. It can also secrete harmful chemicals for the fungus, and steal nutrients from it. This eventually kills the other fungus. Other mode of actions is competing with pathogens for resources and releasing chemicals into environment which inhibits growth of pathogens.

Using fungi like Trichoderma is an alternative to pesticide use. This is called a biological control method.

‘By Soil Science Society of America|July 19, 2022‘

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