Author: Master

Biodegradable chitin is the second-most abundant natural polysaccharide, widely existing in the exoskeletons of crabs, shrimps, insects, and the cell walls of fungi. Chitosan and chitooligosaccharide (COS, also named chitosan oligosaccharide) are the two most important deacetylated derivatives of chitin. Compared with chitin, chitosan and COS not only have more satisfactory physicochemical properties but also exhibit additional biological activities, which cause them to be widely applied in the fields of food, medicine, and agriculture.

Paecilomyces lilacinus– is one of the egg parasitic fungi associated with the eggs of root-knot and cyst nematodes which has shown bright scope for use as an effective biocontrol agent against nematodes and termed as “opportunistic fungus” becasuse it parasitizes some stages of nematodes wherever it gets an opportunity to come in contact. By adaptation, it is not nematode feeder (nematophagous). It infects, colonizes and consumes reproductive structures of root-knot and cyst nematodes at sedentary stages of its life cycle.

For more about Paecilomyces lilacinus from Lin Chemical International,

Paecilomyces lilacinus

As fungicide: 

The finished product of Rhamnolipids may be applied as a foliar spray, fog, drench, soil or growing media drench, preplant spray or mist on seeds, bulbs, cuttings, and transplants, in closed hydroponics systems, and through irrigation systems. To prevention and control of plant pathogenic fungi on root, bulb, tuber and cane crops. 

As insecticide: A Microscopy analyses of aphids treated with dirhamnolipid revealed that dirhamnolipid caused insect death by affecting cuticle membranes of M. persicae. Rhamnolipid shows potential for use as a insecticide to control agricultural pests. 

Soil modifier: Can deal with PAHs, (PH value 4.5-7) and remove heavy metal ions, (PH value 8-10). Sugessted dosage: 0.5-4%. Same time can regulate the PH value on alkaline soil to improve harden soil. 

As chelate agent: With good chelate ability of metal ion chelating and even stronger than EDTA sometimes. Can be used as chaleting agent in foliar fertilizers to increase the usage of nutrition elements like Ca, Zn, Fe, and so on. According to reports Rhamnolipids either increased total plant uptake of Zn from the soil or increased Zn translocation by reducing the prevalence of insoluble Zn-phytate-like compounds in roots.

Biosurfactants are surface-active agents produced by biological systems, mainly microorganisms. They contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties that which remain distributed at the interfaces between liquid phases with different degrees of polarity (oil/water), causing a reduction in both surface and interfacial tension which is an important aspect of lubrication and solubilization.

The structure and characteristic of the biosurfactants varies from one organism to another. They are easily degraded by bacteria in water and soil, hence they are appropriate for use in bioremediation processes. Biosurfactants are classified into five major groups:

• Glycolipids, like rhamnolipids produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and sophorolipids from Candida
• Lipopeptides produced by Bacillus subtilis
• Lipopolysaccharides, from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
• Phospholipids, obtained from Corynebacterium lepus
• Fatty acids and neutral lipids

Kasugamycin is an antibiotic product. Its function is to interfere with the esterase system of growth-promoting cells, thereby affecting protein synthesis, inhibiting mycelium elongation and causing granulation, but has no effect on spore germination , pollution-free and other characteristics, is an environmentally friendly green bio-pesticides.

Kasugamycin was first used on rice blast, and its control effect can reach more than 80%. With the promotion and application, at present, Kasugamycin has been widely used in various crops such as rice, tobacco, potato, cucumber, watermelon, tomato, celery, sorghum, pepper, kidney bean, peach tree, peach tree, litchi, cabbage, etc. It can prevent fungal diseases such as celery early blight, rice blast, citrus gummosis, tomato leaf mold, caltrop flax spot, peach tree brown spot perforation, citrus gummosis, sand skin disease, etc., as well as tomato canker, bluegrass blight, cucumber bacterial angular spot, potato ring rot, pepper bacterial scab, Chinese cabbage soft rot and other bacterial diseases.

Viruses that are primarily or exclusively found in insects are currently placed in 12 families and one unclassified group. The DNA-containing viruses are baculoviruses (BVs), NPVs, granuloviruses (GVs), ascoviruses, iridoviruses, parvoviruses, polydnaviruses, and poxviruses.

Insect virus

Commonly used defoamers can be divided into silicone (resin), surfactants, paraffins and mineral oils according to their components.

1. Silicon (resin)

Silicone resin defoamer, also known as emulsion type defoamer, is used by emulsifying and dispersing silicone resin in water with an emulsifier (surfactant) and then adding it to wastewater. Silica fine powder is another silicon defoamer with better defoaming effect.

2. Surfactants

This type of defoamer is actually an emulsifier, which uses the dispersing effect of a surfactant to keep the foam-forming substance dispersed in a stable emulsified state in water, thereby avoiding the formation of foam.

3. Paraffins

Paraffinic defoamer is a defoamer made by emulsifying and dispersing paraffinic wax or its derivatives with an emulsifier. Its use is similar to that of surfactant-based emulsified defoamers.

4. Mineral oil

Mineral oil is the main defoaming ingredient. In order to improve the effect, sometimes metal soap, silicone oil, silicon dioxide and other substances are mixed together. In addition, various surfactants can sometimes be added to make the mineral oil easily spread to the surface of the foaming liquid, or to evenly disperse the metal soap in the mineral oil.

Fungicide products containing Bacillus subtilis can be used to control tomato gray mold, rice blast, wheat powdery mildew, citrus green mold, tobacco black shank and cabbage soft rot and other diseases.

Studies have found that Bacillus subtilis can secrete antibiotics, cell wall degrading enzymes, chitinase and other substances to inhibit the germination of pathogenic fungal spores and the growth of hyphae. Substances digest mycelia, dissolve spore cell walls, etc.

A number of Bacillus strain resources have been found so far, and these strains can effectively control rapeseed clubroot, potato black shank, wheat head blight, cucumber corynesporium leaf spot, cucumber anthracnose, sweet potato stem rot, and tomato rot. Leaf spot and tomato powdery mildew etc.

MbNPV (MAMESTRA BRASSICAE NPV) has a relatively broad spectrum and can infect more than 30 kinds of Lepidoptera insects. MbNPV can be used to develop broad-spectrum viral insecticides.

MbNPV can control pests such as Spodoptera frugiperda, diamondback moth, cotton bollworm, corn borer, rice leaf roller, tea geometrid, tobacco budworm and cutworm. When 2 billion PIB/mL MbNPV SC 750mL/hm2 was applied, the control effect on rice leaf roller 7 days after application reached 90.08%.

And it will not affect the populations of natural enemies such as spiders, staphylinidae latreille, and Cyrtorhinus lividipennis.

Fungal insecticides are the most widely used type of microbial insecticides except bacterial insecticides. At present, the active ingredients of fungal insecticides mainly include Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom.) Samson, etc. These fungi are highly infective, The insecticidal effect can be achieved through mycelium invasion of insects, enzymatic hydrolysis, and inhibition of insect immunity.

The highly virulent strain of Metarhizium anisopliae is pathogenic to a variety of pests and can efficiently infect Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera and Thysanoptera30 A variety of important agricultural pests, but does not infect natural enemies such as dragonflies, parasitic wasps, praying mantises and ladybugs.

Beauveria bassiana, as another widely used active ingredient of fungal insecticides, can infect a variety of insects. After its spores attach to insects, they can kill pests through spore growth, mechanical invasion, and enzymatic hydrolysis. .

In recent years, the number of Beauveria bassiana insecticides has gradually increased, and the scope of control has become wider and wider. As of December 31, 2022, a total of 29 pesticides with Beauveria bassiana as active ingredients have been approved for registration. It can control crop pests such as diamondback moth, pine caterpillar, corn borer, American white moth Hyphantria cunea, grub Trypoxylus dichotomus, fall armyworm, stem borer and aphids. Studies have found that Beauveria bassiana has good effects on controlling thrips, gray tea looper Ectropis grisescens, locusts, rice leaf rollers and brown planthoppers and other pests.